PA

Also referred to as Nylon

Nylon (Polyamide, or PA) stands as one of the most versatile engineering-grade materials in 3D printing, prized for its exceptional strength, flexibility, and resistance to wear. Widely used in industries ranging from aerospace to healthcare, nylon bridges the gap between rigid plastics and elastic polymers, enabling functional parts that endure stress, heat, and harsh environments.

What Is Nylon (PA)?

Nylon is a synthetic thermoplastic polyamide known for its semicrystalline structure, which balances rigidity and toughness. This material family includes variants like PA6, PA11, PA12, and glass- or carbon-reinforced composites, each tailored for specific applications. Key characteristics include:

• High Tensile Strength: Withstands mechanical stress and repeated loading.

• Impact Resistance: Absorbs shocks without fracturing, ideal for dynamic parts.

• Thermal Stability: Operates continuously at temperatures up to 120°C (higher for reinforced grades).

• Low Friction Coefficient: Reduces wear in moving parts like gears and bearings.

Printing with Nylon: Challenges and Solutions

Nylon’s hygroscopic nature and warping tendencies demand careful handling, but optimized settings yield reliable results.

Optimal Settings

• Nozzle Temperature: 220–260°C (varies by grade; PA12 typically prints at 230–250°C).

• Bed Temperature: 70–100°C (heated bed critical for adhesion). Not needed for Polymaker's Warp Free™ Nylons.

• Print Speed: 30–60 mm/s (slower speeds enhance layer bonding).

• Enclosure: Required for open-frame printers to minimize warping and drafts. Not needed for Polymaker's Warp Free™ Nylons.

Material Preparation

• Drying: Preheat filament at 50–70°C for 6–8 hours to remove absorbed moisture. Should be kept in dryer entire time being printed.

• Storage: Keep in airtight containers with desiccant to prevent rehydration.

Adhesion and Warping

• Build Plate: Use PEI sheets, Magigoo, or adhesives like a glue stick will help.

• Enclosed Environment: Maintains stable ambient temperatures, reducing warping. Not needed for Polymaker's Warp Free™ Nylons.

Advantages of Nylon

1. Strength and Flexibility: Combines high tensile strength (up to 80 MPa) with elongation at break (15–30%), enabling durable, snap-fit components.

2. Thermal and Chemical Resistance: Withstands oils, fuels, and alkalis, suitable for automotive and industrial applications.

3. Abrasion Resistance: Ideal for gears, bearings, and sliding parts due to low friction.

4. Biocompatibility: Medical-grade variants support prosthetics, orthotics, and surgical guides.

5. Composite Options: Carbon fiber (CF) or glass fiber (GF) reinforcement enhances stiffness, heat deflection, and dimensional stability.

Limitations of Nylon

1. Hygroscopic Behavior: Absorbs moisture rapidly, requiring diligent drying and storage. parts can also absorb moisture after printing - meaning dimensions may change slightly.

2. Warping: Prone to shrinkage without an enclosed printer or heated chamber when not using Polymaker's nylon options.

3. Abrasive Composites: Carbon- or glass-filled variants wear nozzles quickly; use hardened steel or ruby tips.

4. Post-Processing Complexity: Difficult to sand or smooth; machining or tumbling may be needed.

Applications of Nylon in 3D Printing

• Aerospace: Flight-grade brackets, ducting, and drone components (using glass-reinforced PA6-GF30).

• Automotive: Fuel lines, under-hood mounts, and custom gaskets.

• Industrial: Jigs, fixtures, conveyor belts, and wear-resistant gears.

• Healthcare: Prosthetic sockets, surgical guides, and biocompatible implants.

• Consumer Goods: Durable phone cases, snap-fit enclosures, and high-stress toys.

Requirements to Print Nylon

This can vary drastically depending on the type of nylon and the manufacturer requirements. Generally speaking though - you should have:

• A filament dryer and way to keep filament dry while not in use.

• All-metal hotend for any nylon requiring over 240°C

• Annealing post-printing for best strength and heat resistance possible.