PLA

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is the gateway material for 3D printing enthusiasts, celebrated for its ease of use, affordability, and vibrant aesthetics. Derived from renewable resources like cornstarch or sugarcane leaving a sweet smell when printing, PLA has become a staple for hobbyists and professionals alike. While standard PLA is often dismissed as brittle and heat-sensitive, advanced formulations like PLA+ or PLA Pro and composite-enhanced variants challenge this perception, offering improved durability for functional applications.

What Is PLA?

PLA is a thermoplastic made from fermented plant sugars. Its low printing temperature, minimal warping, and color selection finish make it ideal for beginners. However, its mechanical properties—rigidity, brittleness, and low heat resistance—limit its use in high-stress applications.

Printing with PLA: Simplicity and Nuance

PLA’s user-friendly nature stems from its forgiving print settings:

• Nozzle Temperature: 190–230°C (lower than ABS or PETG).

• Bed Temperature: 40–60°C (heating optional but recommended).

• Cooling Fan: 100% cooling for sharp details.

Challenges

• Brittleness: Low impact resistance limits functional use when using basic PLA.

• Heat Vulnerability: Softens at temperatures above 60°C (e.g., in hot cars).

Stronger PLA Options: Beyond Standard Filament

While standard PLA excels in aesthetics, engineered variants address its weaknesses:

1. PLA+ (PLA Pro)

PLA+ or PLA Pro incorporates additives like plasticizers, impact modifiers, or nucleating agents to enhance performance:

• Impact Resistance: Much higher than standard PLA, rivaling ABS in toughness.

• Ease of Printing: Retains PLA’s low warping and ease of use.

2. Composite PLA

Reinforced with fibers or particles for specialized applications:

• Carbon Fiber PLA: Boosts stiffness and tensile strength

• Wood/Metal PLA: Adds cosmetic appeal without significant strength gains.

• Graphene PLA: Improves thermal conductivity and rigidity.

• Flexible PLA: Adds flexibility.

3. Tough PLA

Hybrid materials like Tough PLA (e.g., PolyMax™ Tough PLA) bridge the gap between PLA and ABS, offering:

• Higher Impact Strength: Suitable for snap-fit parts and functional prototypes. Often has very high impact resistance.

• More Ductile: Will often not be as rigid as standard PLA and will bend before breaking.

• Retained Printability: Prints at standard PLA temperatures.

Pros and Cons of PLA

Advantages

• Beginner-Friendly: Minimal warping, no heated bed required.

• Aesthetic Versatility: Wide color range, glossy finish, and transparency options.

• Eco-Conscious: Biodegradable under industrial composting conditions.

• Cost-Effective: Affordable for prototyping and low-stress models.

Limitations

• Brittle: Prone to cracking under impact or stress for standard PLA.

• Low Heat Resistance: Unsuitable for automotive or outdoor use without modifications.

PLA vs. Other Filaments

Applications of PLA

• Prototyping: Conceptual models, architectural mockups, and casting molds.

• Consumer Goods: Decorative items, toys, and household accessories.

• Art and Design: Detailed sculptures, cosplay props, and display pieces.

• Education: Safe, low-cost material for classroom 3D printing projects.

Enhanced PLA Use Cases

• Functional Prototypes: PLA+ for snap-fit enclosures or lightweight tools.

• Engineering Components: Carbon fiber PLA for jigs, fixtures, or drone frames.

Requirements to Print PLA

There should be no specific requirements to print PLA unless using a special blend of it, which should be stated by the manufacturer. Examples of such unique requirements would be glow in the dark blends requiring a hardened nozzle due to being abrasive.